I read all the chemistry stuff yesterday and it seemed really interesting. Since I have nothing better to at Paris (since I'm staying there for a really long time), I decided to strengthen my chemistry knowledge, so I just typed on the internet: Step by Step Chemistry Guide, and I'm taking an "online course."
Any information I need help with, I will put here, so I will greatly appreciate it if the chemistry experts could help me. I won't be asking for answers. I will be putting solved problems for correction and criticism. Thanks guys!
Ionic Vs Covalent Bond
There are two types of atomic bonds - ionic bonds and covalent bonds. They differ in their structure and properties. Covalent bonds consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and bind the atoms in a fixed orientation. Relatively high energies are required to break them (50 - 200 kcal/mol). Whether two atoms can form a covalent bond depends upon their electronegativity i.e. the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. If two atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity - as sodium and chloride do - then one of the atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. This results in a positively charged ion (cation) and negatively charged ion (anion). The bond between these two ions is called an ionic bond.
By reading this passage online, it confused me all the more. It says that covalent bonds consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms and bind the atom so they are fixed. And for the ionic bond, it says the bond between these an ion(cation) and negatively charged ion (anion), forms it. That is just plain confusing. So what they are basically saying is that covalent bonds are basically unbreakable bonds that stick together and ionic bonds are 2 weird stuff (ions and cations) that are easy to break? Am I understanding this correctly?
The easiest way to explain atoms is, in my opinion, to personify them a bit.
Essentially atoms want to be happy. To become happy, certain atoms want to give away electrons and certain atoms want to take more electrons from others. Generally speaking, metals like Sodium, Calcium, and Silver will give away electrons, while non-metals like Oxygen, Fluorine, and Chlorine will take electrons. The number of electrons give and taken depends on the structure of the atom and its position on the periodic table. Giving and taking electrons is essentially what ionic bonding is.
Sodium, for instance, has one electron that it wants to get rid of to be happy. Chlorine, on the other hand, needs one more electron to be happy. Sodium gives its one electron to Chlorine, and now they're both all warm and fuzzy inside.
What happens then is interesting. As you might know, electrons have a negative charge, and protons have a positive charge. In singular atoms, the number of protons always equals the number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus. This keeps the net charge at zero. However, when the Sodium gives an electron away, it now has 11 protons and 10 electrons, so the atom is slightly positive. Similarly, Chlorine takes in a new electron, and now it's slightly negative. Opposites attract, and because of the charges the two atoms stick together, forming what you know as table salt.
That's essentially how ionic bonding works. Tell me if you understand alright and we'll make sure you've got this down before we move on to covalent bonding.
HELIUM THOUGH
IT oNLY WANts TWO
IT'S DRUnK
Yes, what Blue said.
Also, whether the atoms are "happy" or not depends on how many valence electrons the atom has. Valence electrons are the extras that it can give away, and they're in the outer shell. These shells have a maximum number of electrons they can hold. The first can hold 2, the second 8, and so on. (They're also used to organize the periodic table) The atoms want to have a full shell, or zero valence electrons.
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 25, 2015, 03:01:31 PMThe easiest way to explain atoms is, in my opinion, to personify them a bit.
Essentially atoms want to be happy. To become happy, certain atoms want to give away electrons and certain atoms want to take more electrons from others. Generally speaking, metals like Sodium, Calcium, and Silver will give away electrons, while non-metals like Oxygen, Fluorine, and Chlorine will take electrons. The number of electrons give and taken depends on the structure of the atom and its position on the periodic table. Giving and taking electrons is essentially what ionic bonding is.
Gotcha, so I'd call it an ionic bond if let's say Hydrogen donated an electron to....Bromine? It's simple like that? Or maybe Oxygen steals it from Hydrogen and that's Ionic Bonding?
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 25, 2015, 03:01:31 PMSodium, for instance, has one electron that it wants to get rid of to be happy. Chlorine, on the other hand, needs one more electron to be happy. Sodium gives its one electron to Chlorine, and now they're both all warm and fuzzy inside.
Why does it need an electron to be happy? Can't it like create one or something like that?
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 25, 2015, 03:01:31 PMWhat happens then is interesting. As you might know, electrons have a negative charge, and protons have a positive charge. In singular atoms, the number of protons always equals the number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus. This keeps the net charge at zero. However, when the Sodium gives an electron away, it now has 11 protons and 10 electrons, so the atom is slightly positive. Similarly, Chlorine takes in a new electron, and now it's slightly negative. Opposites attract, and because of the charges the two atoms stick together, forming what you know as table salt.
How do they get drawn to each other? Sodium and chlorine.
Are they attracted because they both have something in common?
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 25, 2015, 03:01:31 PMThat's essentially how ionic bonding works. Tell me if you understand alright and we'll make sure you've got this down before we move on to covalent bonding.
Those are the only questions I have. Thank you very much! :D
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 03:12:25 PMYes, what Blue said.
Also, whether the atoms are "happy" or not depends on how many valence electrons the atom has. Valence electrons are the extras that it can give away, and they're in the outer shell. These shells have a maximum number of electrons they can hold. The first can hold 2, the second 8, and so on. (They're also used to organize the periodic table) The atoms want to have a full shell, or zero valence electrons.
Valence? Is it that set of number? So it's 2, 8, then maybe 16? Do you double it? What do they achieve by having 0 valence electrons?
Quote from: NocturneOfShadow on August 25, 2015, 03:08:24 PMHELIUM THOUGH
IT oNLY WANts TWO
IT'S DRUnK
Go home Nocturne. Your also drunk! :)
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 03:15:17 PMValence? Is it that set of number? So it's 2, 8, then maybe 16? Do you double it? What do they achieve by having 0 valence electrons?
Valence is just what it's called. And they actually stay at 8 for a while, then go higher. When they have a full shell, they don't need to gain or lose electrons. The noble gases all have full shells, which is why they don't react much.
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 03:19:09 PMValence is just what it's called. And they actually stay at 8 for a while, then go higher. When they have a full shell, they don't need to gain or lose electrons. The noble gases all have full shells, which is why they don't react much.
That's what I get for jumping ahead chapters. I should've started from the beginning. Woe is me.
Yeah, you might want to start at the beginning. Learn about the periodic table some more.
Yep, your right Trains! :D
The thing is the beginning chapter talks about math like conversions and SI units. They seem tedious.
Yes, but it's good for determining scale and getting a foundation, even if it is tedious.
By the way, if you need help with math, you can ask me as well.
Thanks! I'll get right to it! 8)
pretty much everyone here has taken at least a year of chemistry apparently
some have their BS
Bachelor's in science.
:-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[ :-[
What's that face(s) for?
I made a total fool of myself by replying that. I would've never realized it was Bachelor's for Science.
So one of the problems was: A piece of sulfur weighs 227 g. When it was submerged in a graduated cylinder containing 50 mL of H20, the level rose to 150 mL. What is the density (g/mL) of the sulfur?
And the density formula is: mass/volume.
It says the sulfur weighs 227 g, so I'm guessing mass is the weight. So 227 divided by it's either 50 mL or 150 mL. I'm guessing the volume is the rising up, 150 mL, so I tried to do the math and I got 1 remainder 77. So the answer is 1.77?
Actually, it's volume would be the difference between 150 and 50, so 100 mL. And then you do what you did, and divide it.
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 04:55:55 PMActually, it's volume would be the difference between 150 and 50, so 100 mL. And then you do what you did, and divide it.
Volume: the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container, especially when great.
Shouldn't it be 50 mL because that's how much it occupied?
No, there was 50 mL before. It rose up to 150, so there must have been 100 added. The only thing you added was the sulfur.
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 03:13:52 PMGotcha, so I'd call it an ionic bond if let's say Hydrogen donated an electron to....Bromine? It's simple like that? Or maybe Oxygen steals it from Hydrogen and that's Ionic Bonding?
Ionic bonding is only between a metal and nonmetal, which generally forms salts. If it's between a very electronegative nonmetal (wants electrons) paired with a significantly less electronegative nonmetal (doesn't want them that badly) then it's called high ionic character, or a covalent bond that acts like an ionic bond.
Fire, Hydrogen can Ionically bond I believe. Other than that you're right.
More to come when I get home.
Oh I see. So you take what you added, which is 100, then it gets divided by 227?
Thank you!
No, the other way around, 227/100. Because the formula is mass/volume.
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 25, 2015, 05:03:43 PMFire, Hydrogen can Ionically bond I believe. Other than that you're right.
More to come when I get home.
Huh, wasn't it recently discovered that hydrogen can become a metal under certain conditions as well?
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 05:05:05 PMNo, the other way around, 227/100. Because the formula is mass/volume.
Ohh, I see thank you Trains!
Just learned something new! Feeling very proud!
Quote from: FireArrow on August 25, 2015, 05:01:45 PMIonic bonding is only between a metal and nonmetal, which generally forms salts. If it's between a very electronegative nonmetal (wants electrons) paired with a significantly less electronegative nonmetal (doesn't want them that badly) then it's called high ionic character, or a covalent bond that acts like an ionic bond.
Thanks fire, but the ionic/covalent is way out of my league so I'm sticking to the basics first.
Well, more of a reason to look forward to high school chem I guess. Hopefully you get an awesome teacher like mine.
Well, if you know all this, you'll easily pass school. I don't even know this stuff! This suff is like grade 10!!! :)
Quote from: FireArrow on August 25, 2015, 05:08:47 PMWell, more of a reason to look forward to high school chem I guess. Hopefully you get an awesome teacher like mine.
I'm going to homeschool. Learning all by myself without any teachers :)
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 05:09:57 PMWell, if you know all this, you'll easily pass school. I don't even know this stuff! This suff is like grade 10!!! :)
Aww thanks!
I'm learning it online, that's why. The web is quite helpful.
Just like I did for 9 years! ;)
Too bad I'm done homeschooling this year...I really enjoyed it... :(
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 05:11:15 PMAww thanks!
I'm learning it online, that's why. The web is quite helpful.
Hey, maybe if you end up not liking homeschooling, you could try online schooling? Another good way to get education! (though you do get a teacher...)
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 05:13:23 PMJust like I did for 9 years! ;)
Too bad I'm done homeschooling this year...I really enjoyed it... :(
Hey, maybe if you end up not liking homeschooling, you could try online schooling? Another good way to get education! (though you do get a teacher...)
That's a good idea! I'm sure you enjoyed it very much and I think homeschool will work fine.
Warning:Unfortunately, I will be posting quite a few questions in a short amount of time.
Alright, so it says write E for elements, C for the compounds, and M for the mixtures. Please tell me if I'm wrong.
Water: I did it as elements because I know that water is Hydrogen and Oxygen and they are both elements, so this is an element.
Wine: Hmmm. This one was tough. What exactly is wine made of? I'm guessing since water and wine are beverages, wine is made of elements, so I choose elements.
Soil: I think it's a mixture because when I touch the soil it feels soft like pancake mix, and that's mixture, so I choose mixture.
Silver: Element because I know silver is in the Periodic Table.
Aluminum oxide: I know aluminum is an element, so I'm going to say element, though there is oxide and I have no idea what that is.
Hydrogen: Element, easy, we talked about this yesterday.
Carbon Dioxide: Element because carbon is an element. No idea what dioxide is though.
Air: The air is an element because of the oxygen.
Hydrochloric acid: Toughie. Hmmmm, I honestly have no idea because of the word acid. I feel like acid is a mixture of elements.
Nitrogen: Element.
Tin: Element.
Potassium Chloride: Again, no idea what the chloride is, but since potassium is an element, element.
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 05:20:45 PMThat's a good idea! I'm sure you enjoyed it very much and I think homeschool will work fine.
I'm sure it will work for you too! ;D
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 05:29:43 PMWarning:Unfortunately, I will be posting quite a few questions in a short amount of time.
Alright, so it says write E for elements, C for the compounds, and M for the mixtures. Please tell me if I'm wrong.
Water: I did it as elements because I know that water is Hydrogen and Oxygen and they are both elements, so this is an element.
Wine: Hmmm. This one was tough. What exactly is wine made of? I'm guessing since water and wine are beverages, wine is made of elements, so I choose elements.
Soil: I think it's a mixture because when I touch the soil it feels soft like pancake mix, and that's mixture, so I choose mixture.
Silver: Element because I know silver is in the Periodic Table.
Aluminum oxide: I know aluminum is an element, so I'm going to say element, though there is oxide and I have no idea what that is.
Hydrogen: Element, easy, we talked about this yesterday.
Carbon Dioxide: Element because carbon is an element. No idea what dioxide is though.
Air: The air is an element because of the oxygen.
Hydrochloric acid: Toughie. Hmmmm, I honestly have no idea because of the word acid. I feel like acid is a mixture of elements.
Nitrogen: Element.
Tin: Element.
Potassium Chloride: Again, no idea what the chloride is, but since potassium is an element, element.
For the elements, they mean a pure element. Compounds are combinations of elements that have bonded, so water is a compound. Things like Carbon Dioxide are also compounds, di means two, so it's a carbon and two oxygens bonded.
Water is not an element, it's a compound. Compounds are combinations of more than one element that bond together.
Wine is a mixture. It has alcohol in it, I'm sure it has sugar in it, it probably has plenty of water in it. Mixtures are just that: mixtures of different compounds or elements that don't actually bond, they're just near each other. Like if you took sand and mixed it in with sugar.
Soil is a mixture, yes.
Aluminum Oxide is a compound. It's Aluminum ionically bonded to Oxygen: Al2O3
Hydrogen is an element, yes. Although Hydrogen GAS (H2) is a compound.
Carbon Dioxide is a compound. CO2.
Air is a mixture of gases, most notably Nitrogen and Oxygen, but also some other stuff.
Hydrochloric Acid is a compound. HCl. It's Hydrogen and Chlorine.
Nitrogen, once again, is an element. However, Nitrogen GAS (N2) is a compound.
Tin is an element.
Potassium Chloride is KCl, or Potassium bonded to Chlorine. It's a compound.
Thanks guys!
Morale of today: Compounds are two or more elements that are bonded and mixture is 2 or more elements mixed together, but not bonded. Mixtures can also be compounds mixed together, or with solid particles.
Thanks guys! chapter 1 is complete!
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 05:49:43 PMThanks guys!
Morale of today: Compounds are two or more elements that are bonded and mixture is 2 or more elements mixed together, but not bonded.
Thanks guys! chapter 1 is complete!
Congrats, you just passed grade 9 science! Lol
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 05:50:33 PMCongrats, you just passed grade 9 science! Lol
YAY!
Though it's only the beginning.
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 05:51:12 PMYAY!
Though it's only the beginning.
Yeah. Though that is an important factor of grade 9, you still need to learn more... ;)
Yeah, another thing, mixtures can also be compounds mixed together, or with solid particles.
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 05:56:36 PMYeah, another thing, mixtures can also be compounds mixed together, or with solid particles.
Gotcha ;)
Oh and Chapter 2 is hitting me hard. What a curve ball!
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 05:56:36 PMYeah, another thing, mixtures can also be compounds mixed together, or with solid particles.
Oh really? Didn't know that...
Yeah. For example, with wine, it's alcohol, sugar, water and flavoring things, which are compounds.
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 06:04:25 PMYeah. For example, with wine, it's alcohol, sugar, water and flavoring things, which are compounds.
Lol, this is teaching me a lesson too! Keep going Trains! Cram us with info! Gotta know this stuff before next week when school starts!
What do you want to know about?
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 06:13:23 PMWhat do you want to know about?
Ah, anything! I failed science (horribly) in grade 7, 8, and 9, so if I don't pass this year, I might not progress far in life...:'(
Chapter 2 is where stuff gets too intense for me. It shows me a table of the first 21st elements and it is first pretty easy at the beginning.
Hydrogen's atomic number, mass number, and number of protons, and number of electrons are 1, and it has no neutrons. Protons and electrons balance out because they are positive and negative (just guessing).
The next element is helium and the atomic number and mass number, i really don't give a heck. But the amount of neutrons, protons, and electrons are all 2. So that means protons and electrons balance out. What about the 2 neutrons? What is their purpose?
Lithium is the 3rd atomic number and has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons. I understand that for each element, there is an equal amount of protons/electrons, but how do the neutrons come into play?
Another thing are isotopes. The web says that isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different masses. SAME element, but DIFFERENT masses. I don't think those words should belong together, at all! It later reinforces my fact, stating that in all three isotopes of hydrogen, the positive charge of the single proton is balanced by the negative charge of the electron, then it goes on to say that most elements consist of mixtures of isotopes and that tin has ten stable isotopes. It gives no reinforcement to how tin has an isotope and how to find it.
Then come what we talked about Trains. Valence electrons. It states that it wants to complete its outer levels by either gaining or losing electrons and says that the outermost energy level are valance electrons. I understand that part.Then it says that if a valence electron is gained, you use the - sign and when it's lost, you use the + sign. Shouldn't it be the other way around? It gives no detail to how many energy levels there are and how it is layed out.
Can someone help me? Sorry if it's too long.
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 06:16:54 PMAh, anything! I failed science (horribly) in grade 7, 8, and 9, so if I don't pass this year, I might not progress far in life...:'(
Don't worry! You will pass. Just have the determination and the desire, the burning passion, the fuel to fuel your thirst for knowledge!
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 06:17:46 PMChapter 2 is where stuff gets too intense for me. It shows me a table of the first 21st elements and it is first pretty easy at the beginning.
Hydrogen's atomic number, mass number, and number of protons, and number of electrons are 1, and it has no neutrons. Protons and electrons balance out because they are positive and negative (just guessing).
The next element is helium and the atomic number and mass number, i really don't give a heck. But the amount of neutrons, protons, and electrons are all 2. So that means protons and electrons balance out. What about the 2 neutrons? What is their purpose?
Lithium is the 3rd atomic number and has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons. I understand that for each element, there is an equal amount of protons/electrons, but how do the neutrons come into play?
Another thing are isotopes. The web says that isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different masses. SAME element, but DIFFERENT masses. I don't think those words should belong together, at all! It later reinforces my fact, stating that in all three isotopes of hydrogen, the positive charge of the single proton is balanced by the negative charge of the electron, then it goes on to say that most elements consist of mixtures of isotopes and that tin has ten stable isotopes. It gives no reinforcement to how tin has an isotope and how to find it.
Then come what we talked about Trains. Valence electrons. It states that it wants to complete its outer levels by either gaining or losing electrons and says that the outermost energy level are valance electrons. I understand that part.Then it says that if a valence electron is gained, you use the - sign and when it's lost, you use the + sign. Shouldn't it be the other way around? It gives no detail to how many energy levels there are and how it is layed out.
Can someone help me? Sorry if it's too long.
I uh, don't even know what you are talking about, are you sure this is grade 9?...seems really hard...
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 06:19:24 PMI uh, don't even know what you are talking about, are you sure this is grade 9?...seems really hard...
Exactly my thoughts. I have no idea what grade chemistry is, but I intend to conquer it! 8)
Remember that the electron has a negative charge. An atom is neutral and has the same number of protons (+) and electrons (-). When an electron is gained, the total charge will be negative. If an electron is lost, it'll be positive because there are now more protons than electrons.
The neutrons are there to balance it out. They don't have any charge, they're neutral, but they help stabilize the atom. Isotopes have different masses because they have different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are less stable than others.
The - and + signs for valence electrons are for the whole atom, that's why. If it gains an electron, there are more electrons than protons, and so it's negatively charged, giving the - sign. If it loses one, there are more protons, making it positive.
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 06:18:33 PMDon't worry! You will pass. Just have the determination and the desire, the burning passion, the fuel to fuel your thirst for knowledge!
That way with words though... :D
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 06:20:29 PMExactly my thoughts. I have no idea what grade chemistry is, but I intend to conquer it! 8)
Looked it up on Google, apparently, it's grade 9-12, so all four of those grades! High school, and a bit of Junior High! :)
Quote from: InsigTurtle on August 25, 2015, 06:32:05 PMRemember that the electron has a negative charge. An atom is neutral and has the same number of protons (+) and electrons (-). When an electron is gained, the total charge will be negative. If an electron is lost, it'll be positive because there are now more protons than electrons.
Oh I see and if proton is gained it's a + and if it's lost, it's a -?
protons can't be gained or lost, they're part of the nucleus
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 06:32:29 PMThe neutrons are there to balance it out. They don't have any charge, they're neutral, but they help stabilize the atom. Isotopes have different masses because they have different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are less stable than others.
The - and + signs for valence electrons are for the whole atom, that's why. If it gains an electron, there are more electrons than protons, and so it's negatively charged, giving the - sign. If it loses one, there are more protons, making it positive.
Ahh that kind you. But can you explain a bit more of isotopes?
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 06:33:18 PMThat way with words though... :D
Looked it up on Google, apparently, it's grade 9-12, so all four of those grades! High school, and a bit of Junior High! :)
Thank you! And wow, chemistry is for all of high school. Didn't know that.
Quote from: NocturneOfShadow on August 25, 2015, 07:07:26 PMprotons can't be gained or lost, they're part of the nucleus
Then electrons and neutrons can be gained or lost? Aren't they part of the nucleus also?
Isotopes are the same atoms with different number of neutrons. Hydrogen, for instance, usually has no neutrons. However, deuterium is an isotope of Hydrogen that has one neutron (so its mass is two), and tritium has two neutrons (so its mass is three). Usually isotopes are radioactive, or at least less stable than the regular element.
Also, if you look at the periodic table, you'll notice that Hydrogen, for instance, has an atomic weight of something like 1.001 AMU. It might be less than that, but you get the idea. (I make these posts mostly from memory lol) But why is that? Hydrogen has one proton, so shouldn't its mass just be 1?
Nope! Hydrogen is almost always just one proton, but very trace amounts of deuterium (and maybe even tritium, I'm not sure) exist in nature. The atomic weight given on the table is the average of the weights of all isotopes of an element based on how common they are. For instance, if you have a tank of Hydrogen, almost all of it has no neutrons. However, every so often, you'll find an atom of deuterium that has a mass of two. If you average all their masses together, you get something like 1.001. Does that make sense?
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 07:10:32 PMThank you! And wow, chemistry is for all of high school. Didn't know that.
I did not know either, good to know!
The basic structure of an atom is a nucleus comprised of a number of protons and neutrons with a number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus in a random way.
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 25, 2015, 07:16:45 PMIsotopes are the same atoms with different number of neutrons. Hydrogen, for instance, usually has no neutrons. However, deuterium is an isotope of Hydrogen that has one neutron (so its mass is two), and tritium has two neutrons (so its mass is three). Usually isotopes are radioactive, or at least less stable than the regular element.
Also, if you look at the periodic table, you'll notice that Hydrogen, for instance, has an atomic weight of something like 1.001 AMU. It might be less than that, but you get the idea. (I make these posts mostly from memory lol) But why is that? Hydrogen has one proton, so shouldn't its mass just be 1?
Nope! Hydrogen is almost always just one proton, but very trace amounts of deuterium (and maybe even tritium, I'm not sure) exist in nature. The atomic weight given on the table is the average of the weights of all isotopes of an element based on how common they are. For instance, if you have a tank of Hydrogen, almost all of it has no neutrons. However, every so often, you'll find an atom of deuterium that has a mass of two. If you average all their masses together, you get something like 1.001. Does that make sense?
You said different number of neutrons. What about different numbers of protons and electrons?
Other than that, you explained well, thank you!
Quote from: NocturneOfShadow on August 25, 2015, 07:18:03 PMThe basic structure of an atom is a nucleus comprised of a number of protons and neutrons with a number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus in a random way.
Not exactly a random way... don't get me started on orbitals and molecular geometry :3
Quote from: NocturneOfShadow on August 25, 2015, 07:18:03 PMThe basic structure of an atom is a nucleus comprised of a number of protons and neutrons with a number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus in a random way.
So it's IMPOSSIBLE TO seperate protons and neutrons? And if you did, for example on an oxygen molecule, would it simply not be oxygen anymore?
Quote from: Latios212 on August 25, 2015, 07:26:11 PMNot exactly a random way... don't get me started on orbitals and molecular geometry :3
Why not Latios? Are you strong on the subject?
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 07:25:02 PMYou said different number of neutrons. What about different numbers of protons and electrons?
Other than that, you explained well, thank you!
If there are different numbers of protons, it's a different element entirely. If there are different numbers of electrons, it's a different element if the number of electrons matches the number of protons. If the two numbers are different, then it's an ion. (Like when Sodium gives away an electron to Chlorine)
Idk I thought it was really cool but that was a couple years ago and I hope I didn't forget it already lol.
Oh nah, I just don't really have the time to think about it right now xD
Quote from: Latios212 on August 25, 2015, 07:30:01 PMIdk I thought it was really cool but that was a couple years ago and I hope I didn't forget it already lol.
Oh nah, I just don't really have the time to think about it right now xD
Ah, I see. I understand. You must be really busy considering you're a mod
If there was a different number of protons, it would be a different element, because it would have a different atomic number. If they're different, it has a charge and is an ion. And it's not impossible to separate protons and neutrons, that's what happens in a nuclear fission reactor, where they split atoms to create energy. But you're right, if you got rid of protons, it would not be an oxygen atom anymore.
Ninja'd by Blue
XD
Thanks guys. GREATLY appreciate it. Know that none of this is going to waste!
Even if you totally forget all of this tomorrow morning I wouldn't care because I'm having so much fun XD
Yeah, just explaining these things is really fun.
Also, Latios, you need to tell me about molecular geometry sometime, I haven't read much about it.
I'm actually learning a lot too, this is all stuff I never learned...thanks people! :D
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 25, 2015, 07:36:04 PMYeah, just explaining these things is really fun.
Also, Latios, you need to tell me about molecular geometry sometime, I haven't read much about it.
I'll have to get in on this discussion. Tomorrow though, I have to catch some zzz's...And Trains, I can talk about at least some of that molecular geometry; I had Honors Chem last year and we went over a lot of that. Latios probably has more knowledge than me, because we didn't learn
all of it, but I know a good deal. Tomorrow, though.
Haha guys I'll see when I get home. But until then, I'll just be lurking 8)
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 25, 2015, 07:45:58 PMI'll have to get in on this discussion. Tomorrow though, I have to catch some zzz's...And Trains, I can talk about at least some of that molecular geometry; I had Honors Chem last year and we went over a lot of that. Latios probably has more knowledge than me, because we didn't learn all of it, but I know a good deal. Tomorrow, though.
You should also be asking "the special" to work on the story...
That would be awesome, either of you! I've never taken a formal chemistry class, so I'd love to hear more!
And ThatGamer. Patience.
I'm sorry Trains. I just get obsessed! :)
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 07:47:13 PMYou should also be asking "the special" to work on the story...
This is the last time I'm going to be polite. Please, don't rush the story here. I'm excited for it too. But it's going to sound a lot worse if you continue to rush me into new chapters every single day...I'm not Shakespeare here. Give me a break.
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 25, 2015, 08:16:27 PMThis is the last time I'm going to be polite. Please, don't rush the story here. I'm excited for it too. But it's going to sound a lot worse if you continue to rush me into new chapters every single day...I'm not Shakespeare here. Give me a break.
I'm not rushing you, I'm rushing the special...
Quote from: Latios212 on August 25, 2015, 07:26:11 PMNot exactly a random way... don't get me started on orbitals and molecular geometry :3
but... the Heisenberg uncertainty principle... can't figure out exactly where they are... can only guess... something something electron spins I don't remember the rest of it from 10th grade chem
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 25, 2015, 08:17:10 PMI'm not rushing you, I'm rushing Braixen...
Really. Again? Come on! I wouldn't ask someone to do what I asked her if they weren't gonna put their best effort into it. Relax. It will be done in a reasonable time period. How many stories on this site have put out a new chapter every day? How many stories are going to be as long and as eloquent as this one? How many stories have been written as a collaborative group effort to create the best tale told? How many stories have had
art? (The only story to do something as creative as what we are doing is Maya's SMG one. That music idea was truly unique, Maya! I loved that!) You were the one who once told me I should publish this. At least give me the respect of an author on the precipice of publishing.
Quote from: NocturneOfShadow on August 25, 2015, 08:18:30 PMbut... the Heisenberg uncertainty principle... can't figure out exactly where they are... can only guess... something something electron spins I don't remember the rest of it from 10th grade chem
It's not random. Can't remember the name, but there is an area around a nucleus in which the electron(s) has(ve) a 95% probability of being inside. I'll detail that later. The uncertainty principle states that you may know the location or the momentum of an electron, but you cannot know both simultaneously. I must get sleep! No more for today, folks!
Quote from: NocturneOfShadow on August 25, 2015, 08:18:30 PMbut... the Heisenberg uncertainty principle... can't figure out exactly where they are... can only guess... something something electron spins I don't remember the rest of it from 10th grade chem
Don't you remember the chapter on quantum?
You've got your S orbitals, P orbitals, D orbitals, and F orbitals. While the heisenberg uncertainty principle states that you can't know the speed and location at the same time, there are places where an electron has the highest probability of being.
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 25, 2015, 08:24:10 PMReally. Again? Come on! I wouldn't ask someone to do what I asked her if they weren't gonna put their best effort into it. Relax. It will be done in a reasonable time period. How many stories on this site have put out a new chapter every day? How many stories are going to be as long and as eloquent as this one? How many stories have been written as a collaborative group effort to create the best tale told? How many stories have had art? (The only story to do something as creative as what we are doing is Maya's SMG one. That music idea was truly unique, Maya! I loved that!) You were the one who once told me I should publish this. At least give me the respect of an author on the precipice of publishing.
Aww thank you mariopianist ;)
Glad you liked it!
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 25, 2015, 08:24:10 PMReally. Again? Come on! I wouldn't ask someone to do what I asked her if they weren't gonna put their best effort into it. Relax. It will be done in a reasonable time period. How many stories on this site have put out a new chapter every day? How many stories are going to be as long and as eloquent as this one? How many stories have been written as a collaborative group effort to create the best tale told? How many stories have had art? (The only story to do something as creative as what we are doing is Maya's SMG one. That music idea was truly unique, Maya! I loved that!) You were the one who once told me I should publish this. At least give me the respect of an author on the precipice of publishing.
Okay I'll try not to push it...I just can't handle my excitement...it comes with PDD-NOS, sorry.
When electrons jump to lower or higher levels what exactly is taking place? I know there are layers, but do the electrons jump from place to place when a reaction is happening or do they jump every second?
And it talks about spectrum wavelengths. The colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The thing is wavelength and frequency are shown to be opposites. I thought they were identical because the brighter the colors are, the more frequent they are (frequency) and the more frequent they are, they would stretch longer (wavelength).
Are UV lights invisible to the naked eye? What exactly is a naked eye?
I've heard the word quantum a lot. What exactly is it? Like quantum mechanics, quantum numbers, etc.
Out of Lithium, Chlorine, potassium, and fluorine, what gives up electrons readily?
I thought it would be fluorine because it had more electronegativity, therefore bears less resistance. Is this correct?
And the number of orbitals in the second principal energy level, n=2, of an atom is:
1, 9, 16, 4.
I chose 4 because the second energy level has an s orbital and 3 pm orbitals, so I added them. correct?
Sorry if this was too much, but I warned you!
something about the top left of the table being most ready to give up electrons and the bottom right being least likely?
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 25, 2015, 09:18:51 PMWhen electrons jump to lower or higher levels what exactly is taking place? I know there are layers, but do the electrons jump from place to place when a reaction is happening or do they jump every second?
And it talks about spectrum wavelengths. The colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The thing is wavelength and frequency are shown to be opposites. I thought they were identical because the brighter the colors are, the more frequent they are (frequency) and the more frequent they are, they would stretch longer (wavelength).
Are UV lights invisible to the naked eye? What exactly is a naked eye?
I've heard the word quantum a lot. What exactly is it? Like quantum mechanics, quantum numbers, etc.
Out of Lithium, Chlorine, potassium, and fluorine, what gives up electrons readily?
I thought it would be fluorine because it had more electronegativity, therefore bears less resistance. Is this correct?
And the number of orbitals in the second principal energy level, n=2, of an atom is:
1, 9, 16, 4.
I chose 4 because the second energy level has an s orbital and 3 pm orbitals, so I added them. correct?
Sorry if this was too much, but I warned you!
Electron behavior isn't really my area of specialty, but from what I understand, when they're struck by certain forms of electromagnetic radiation, they get excited and jump up levels, and then fall back down and release light and energy.
Frequency is related to how often a wave goes by. Wavelength is the distance between crests of the wave. The two are related through an equation called the Wave Equation but that's physics and I don't really want to go into that here.
Quantum mostly refers to things on the subatomic level. Like Quantum Physics is the study of how subatomic particles behave.
UV Light is essentially the same thing as light, but the human eye can't pick it up. It's also dangerous and can give you sunburn, as well as cancer and some other nasty things. A naked eye just means looking at something without a microscope or binoculars or whatever.
Potassium will give up an electron the most easily. Then Lithium. Fluorine and Chlorine don't want to give up one easily because they want to take in one. Electronegative means they're pulling in the electrons closely, so you're thinking of it backwards.
Sorry for double posting but I wanted to tell a brief story about how chemistry almost killed me today.
Remember that really nasty element Bromine that we were talking about earlier? The one you don't want in your cookies?
Well, I actually had to work with it today. Essentially I had to transfer about a milliliter of it into a flask to react, so I needed a syringe and a needle. When I took the cap off the needle, I accidentally cut myself and bled a bit. If I accidentally cut myself a minute later, I would have put a whole lot of super-reactive Bromine into my bloodstream and would probably be in the emergency room right now.
Lesson: Don't do Halogens, kids.
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 26, 2015, 05:36:56 PMLesson: Don't do Halogens, kids.
Wow. I think the worst chemical we ever had to work with in Honors Chem was 6.0M HCl ;D. Seriously though, that could have been really bad. Just be grateful that it didn't happen and be careful that something like that doesn't happen again! :)
Yeah I've actually gotten some HCl on me before and it's bad but not Bromine bad. After a little water I was fine because it wasn't very much XD
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 26, 2015, 05:43:12 PMYeah I've actually gotten some HCl on me before and it's bad but not Bromine bad. After a little water I was fine because it wasn't very much XD
Thank God you're alive! Oh man, please, take care of yourself!
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 26, 2015, 05:47:20 PMThank God you're alive! Oh man, please, take care of yourself!
This is probably a good idea...because you're right, HCl is nothing like Bromine...
What's the difference?
I knocked a cup of water onto some potassium once. Luckily, there wasn't much left after the reaction I had done previously, but still. Nasty.
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 26, 2015, 06:07:04 PMI knocked a cup of water onto some potassium once. Luckily, there wasn't much left after the reaction I had done previously, but still. Nasty.
Did it burn purple???
Quote from: mayastarr041 on August 26, 2015, 05:51:52 PMWhat's the difference?
Bromine is significantly more reactive and can kill you a lot easier. Also, it fumes, so it's not safe to have around. You can have an open bottle of Hydrochloric Acid lying around and it'll be fine, but if you leave an open bottle of Bromine on your bench you'll be in trouble lol.
I've put magnesium in zinc _____ before
VOILA! ZINC!
Quote from: blueflower999 on August 26, 2015, 06:31:10 PMDid it burn purple???
I wasn't really in a position to observe, as I was kind of trying to not die. But it was pretty violent, I can tell you that much.
Quote from: Hero of Trains on August 26, 2015, 06:38:28 PMI wasn't really in a position to observe, as I was kind of trying to not die. But it was pretty violet, I can tell you that much.
had to fix that for you
whoo I'm taking General Chemistry to fulfill my lab science requirement in college. well I will be, college starts on Monday. I enjoyed high school chemistry so I'm looking forward to this \o/ hopefully it won't be too difficult
(tho it helps that a good friend's mom is both a) a chemistry professor and b) a chemistry professor at my university so even though she's not teaching the class I can still probably ask her for help)
that is all
Just remember,
Chem is fun.
Well, I'll do the best I can here.
HCl: "Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water." (This is why you never look stuff up on Wikipedia; you get stuff like this.) To simplify, it's a liquid in solution (mixed) with water. It is also an acid (of course) and that makes it corrosive. As in, it burns holes through stuff (depending on how strong it is).As you might be able to tell by the name, a molecule of HCl contains one atom of Hydrogen and one atom of Chlorine held together by a polar covalent bond. What this basically means is, the electrons that are shared in the bond hang around the Cl atom more than the H atom. Because of this, the Cl side has a slightly negative charge, while the H side has a slightly positive charge (kind of like a magnet). Now, the positives and negatives might remind you of ionic bonds, but remember: in an ionic bond, electrons are donated. Electrons are still being shared here, just not equally. Since they are being shared, and not completely donated, the charges are weaker. When we go more into molecular geometry (if we go that far) you will be able to tell if a molecule is polar or not. Did you know that water is also polar? It looks like this.
_
O
/ \
H H
+ +
In this case, the oxygen pulls the electrons toward it, kinda like a pull star in SMG! In terms of health, HCl's affect depends on the molarity of it. (All HCl is mixed with water, molarity just defines the ratio of how the HCl is diluted in the water. The higher the molarity, the more HCl there is as compared to the amount of water.) So, basically, a higher molarity is a greater health risk. Really strong HCl can burn through skin, possibly to the bone. But that's enough about HCl and H2O. Let's move on to Bromine!
Br: Bromine is #35 on the periodic table. It is what we call a halogen. The main thing that this means is it is "salt producing." When it reacts with metals, it produces salts. To explain what I mean, take common table salt, one of the most common salts as well as one of the most common formulas in chemistry. It's formula is NaCl. Now look at a periodic table (one that has the columns labelled as 1A, 2A, 3B, etc. Locate column 7A. (Could also be labelled as VIIA or 17, depending on which version you have). Which part of salt is in that column? Yes, it is Cl. That element is the halogen. (Sodium, Na, is the metal.) Now take a look at the names Chlorine and Bromine for a second. What do they have in common. If you guessed that they both have 2 syllables, that is absolutely positively incorrect. ;D However, if you mentioned that they both end in -ine, you are on the right track. In fact, every element in the column ends in -ine! (Except Ununseptium, a placeholder element. The Ununsept part literally just stands for 117. An isotope of this element has not been created that lasted long enough for scientists to measure anything about it.) Let's go back to our salt example. How do you translate NaCl into words? Sodium chlorine, right? Wrong. Note this spelling change: Sodium chloride. Whenever you form salts, the second element changes from ine to ide. This tells you two things. One, that it is a salt (assuming it is bonded with a metal) and it is ionic. Remember that term? It means that the metal donates an electron to the halogen to make it happy! Not much detail about bromine in terms of health, other than that bromine poisoning is a serious thing that would send you to the hospital for sure.
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 26, 2015, 06:49:54 PMWell, I'll do the best I can here.
HCl: "Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water." (This is why you never look stuff up on Wikipedia; you get stuff like this.) To simplify, it's a liquid in solution (mixed) with water. It is also an acid (of course) and that makes it corrosive. As in, it burns holes through stuff (depending on how strong it is).As you might be able to tell by the name, a molecule of HCl contains one atom of Hydrogen and one atom of Chlorine held together by a polar covalent bond. What this basically means is, the electrons that are shared in the bond hang around the Cl atom more than the H atom. Because of this, the Cl side has a slightly negative charge, while the H side has a slightly positive charge (kind of like a magnet). Now, the positives and negatives might remind you of ionic bonds, but remember: in an ionic bond, electrons are donated. Electrons are still being shared here, just not equally. Since they are being shared, and not completely donated, the charges are weaker. When we go more into molecular geometry (if we go that far) you will be able to tell if a molecule is polar or not. Did you know that water is also polar? It looks like this.
_
O
/ \
H H
+ +
In this case, the oxygen pulls the electrons toward it, kinda like a pull star in SMG! In terms of health, HCl's affect depends on the molarity of it. (All HCl is mixed with water, molarity just defines the ratio of how the HCl is diluted in the water. The higher the molarity, the more HCl there is as compared to the amount of water.) So, basically, a higher molarity is a greater health risk. Really strong HCl can burn through skin, possibly to the bone. But that's enough about HCl and H2O. Let's move on to Bromine!
Br: Bromine is #35 on the periodic table. It is what we call a halogen. The main thing that this means is it is "salt producing." When it reacts with metals, it produces salts. To explain what I mean, take common table salt, one of the most common salts as well as one of the most common formulas in chemistry. It's formula is NaCl. Now look at a periodic table (one that has the columns labelled as 1A, 2A, 3B, etc. Locate column 7A. (Could also be labelled as VIIA or 17, depending on which version you have). Which part of salt is in that column? Yes, it is Cl. That element is the halogen. (Sodium, Na, is the metal.) Now take a look at the names Chlorine and Bromine for a second. What do they have in common. If you guessed that they both have 2 syllables, that is absolutely positively incorrect. ;D However, if you mentioned that they both end in -ine, you are on the right track. In fact, every element in the column ends in -ine! (Except Ununseptium, a placeholder element. The Ununsept part literally just stands for 117. An isotope of this element has not been created that lasted long enough for scientists to measure anything about it.) Let's go back to our salt example. How do you translate NaCl into words? Sodium chlorine, right? Wrong. Note this spelling change: Sodium chloride. Whenever you form salts, the second element changes from ine to ide. This tells you two things. One, that it is a salt (assuming it is bonded with a metal) and it is ionic. Remember that term? It means that the metal donates an electron to the halogen to make it happy! Not much detail about bromine in terms of health, other than that bromine poisoning is a serious thing that would send you to the hospital for sure.
Well, I understand 1% of this. I'm not going to bother trying because I'm lazy...
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 26, 2015, 06:52:23 PMWell, I understand 1% of this. I'm not going to bother trying because I'm lazy...
What don't you understand? I can definitely simplify it more. I'm here to help!
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 26, 2015, 06:53:36 PMWhat don't you understand? I can definitely simplify it more. I'm here to help!
I will surely learn it in High School. I don't really need this too much...
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 26, 2015, 06:54:16 PMI will surely learn it in High School. I don't really need this too much...
Absolutely! No problem saying that. If you want me to explain something at any point, just say the word!
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 26, 2015, 07:03:04 PMAbsolutely! No problem saying that. If you want me to explain something at any point, just say the word!
\
Okay, only if I fail science like the last three years! (which hopefully won't happen...)
Quote from: ThatGamer on August 26, 2015, 07:05:34 PM\
Okay, only if I fail science like the last three years! (which hopefully won't happen...)
Hey, that's not a good attitude! Be more optimistic! I'm sure you will do superbly in science this year!
Quote from: TheMarioPianist on August 26, 2015, 07:10:41 PMHey, that's not a good attitude! Be more optimistic! I'm sure you will do superbly in science this year!
Well, I'll try to be optimistic...
I probably will pass, anyways, since I'm not doing homework while playing on NSM this year lol. (its a special school, far easier then regular! :)))